Fig. 1

Results of experiment I: a the number of surviving dragonfly larvae on the 21th day after the beginning of the experiment, b the number of surviving chironomid larvae at the end of the experiment, c the change of macrophyte abundances during the first 40 days of the experiment, and d the individual crayfish growth rate during the experiment (ratio of final to initial crayfish weight). The black “O” and the gray “X” represent the presence and absence, respectively, of macrophytes